Industry Knowledge

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical reverberation of a vibrating crystal (typically a quartz crystal) to create an electrical signal with precise frequency. It is often used for stabilization applications, to help keep track of time, and to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits. Environmental factors such as humidity, pressure, vibration and in particular, temperature, affect the precision of the crystal oscillator’s frequency. To limit their level of influence, modified crystal…

RTU and PLC products: (1) the scope of applications: RTU is mainly used in near field devices, so the RTU to working environment requirement general: RTU environmental requirements: Working temperature: - 40 degrees to 75 degrees Storage temperature: - 40 degrees to 85 degrees Relative humidity: 5% to 95%; RTU products with reliable quality and features of the extreme working temperature of environment, suitable for all kinds of applications, all-weather not restricted by environment and geography,. 253 PLC to the…

Industrial Ethernet (IE) refers to the use of standard Ethernet protocols with rugged connectors and extended temperature switches in an industrial environment, for automation or process control. Components used in plant process areas must be designed to work in harsh environments of temperature extremes, humidity, and vibration that exceed the ranges for information technology equipment intended for installation in controlled environments. The use of fiber Ethernet reduces the problems of electrical noise and provides electrical isolation to prevent equipment damage.…

IEC 60870-5 standard defines the communication protocol for remote control systems and for monitoring and controlling of geographicaly large processes.Five documents specify the base IEC 60870-5: - IEC 60870-5-1 Transmission Frame Formats- IEC 60870-5-2 Data Link Transmission Services- IEC 60870-5-3 General Structure of Application Data- IEC 60870-5-4 Definition and coding of Information Elements- IEC 60870-5-5 Basic Application Functions The common standards are based on these documents:- IEC 60870-5-101 Transmission Protocols, common standards especially for basic remote control tasks- IEC 60870-5-102…

Numerical protection relays are used in electrical protection for detection of fault condition. The IED analyzes Current Voltage signal in the electrical system, and derives fault condition based on the output obtained by analysing the signals. For analysing the signal we perform FFT on the signal. The output of FFT is used and using various algorithms fault condition will be detected. This paper describes a method to use numerical protection as power factor controller. A power factor controller provides control…